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Józef Światło
Józef Światło born Izaak Fleischfarb (1 January 1915 – 2 September 1994) was a high-ranking official of the Ministry of Public Security of Poland employed as deputy director of the 10th Department run by Anatol Fejgin. Known for supervising the torture of inmates, he was nicknamed the "Butcher" by the MBP prisoners.〔 After the death of Stalin and the arrest of Lavrentiy Beria in 1953, Światło travelled to East Germany on an official business trip. While on the Berlin subway with Fejgin, passing through the West Berlin sector of the city, he "slipped away" and defected to the West.〔
After his defection on 5 December in Berlin, he worked for the CIA and the Radio Free Europe (RFE). Światło's written and broadcast incriminations shook the Polish United Workers' Party, and ultimately contributed to the reform of the Polish security apparatus at the end of the Stalinist period, as one of the factors leading to the political liberalisation of the socialist Polish October revolution.
==Biography==
Józef Światło was born on 1 January 1915 as Izaak Fleischfarb (also Fleichfarb, Licht, or Lichtstein, sources vary), into a Jewish family in Medyn village near Zbarazh (now Ukraine).〔 (Józef Światło - biography, photos, documents ) at Institute of National Remembrance. Retrieved 6 April 2011〕 In the Second Polish Republic he was first a Zionist and later, a communist activist. He was arrested twice for his illegal activities.〔 Conscripted in 1939, he served in the Polish Army (Polish 6th Infantry Division) during the Polish September Campaign that year.〔 Taken prisoner by the Germans, he escaped, only to be taken prisoner by the Red Army,〔 which invaded East Poland where his family lived and deported east along with hundred thousands of others.〔 It was also in that period that, on 26 April 1943, he married Justyna Światło, taking her more Polish-sounding surname.〔 He eventually joined the Polish Forces in the East (Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division,〔 Berling's Army),〔 becoming a political officer;〔 he was also promoted to junior lieutenant (''podporucznik'') and became involved in organising state administration in areas taken from the Germans.〔
In 1945 he was transferred to the newly formed Ministry of Public Security of Poland (''MBP'').〔 In his work, Światło, like many other communist secret police agents, used torture and forgery.〔 He was involved in arresting hundreds of members of Polish underground organization, Armia Krajowa, its leadership (the Trial of the Sixteen) and falsifying of the 1946 Polish referendum.〔 In time he was promoted to Lieutenant colonel (pol.Podpułkownik) and served in various offices and departments, eventually in 1951 ending up in the 10th Department,〔 where he was one of the leading officers. The 10th Department was responsible for handling the Party members themselves.〔 He received orders personally from the First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party Bolesław Bierut, and arrested such notable people as politicians Władysław Gomułka〔 and Marian Spychalski,〔 General Michał Rola-Żymierski〔 and Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński.〔 He had access - sometimes unique - to many secret documents. He interrogated Noel Field on 27 August 1949 in Budapest as well as his brother, Herman Field (a US citizen who went to Poland to look for his brother). Herman would be secretly imprisoned for five years, until the information on him was revealed - by Światło himself.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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